105.1

This article examines how Hesiod employs the poetic voice of the educator in the Works and Days. It argues that the dramatic setting is designed to stage a competition with the kings in the performance of wisdom, involving in particular the administration of justice. The judicial space of the agora presided over by the ?gift-devouring? kings is replaced by a poetic space, where the poet, due to his special access to the mind of Zeus, can be the champion of justice in speech to complement Zeus as the champion of justice in action. In this new role, the poet adjudicates the quarrel in the course of educating Perses through the effectiveness of poetic speech.

The curious ?eleven oars? of the chorus of Knights recall the victory of Phormio and his eleven triremes in the gulf of Naupactus in 429 BC, and may echo a lost victory ode performed at the celebration of the victory.

Presocratic, Peripatetic, Epicurean and Stoic theories that aimed to explain Aristotle's four fundamental phenomena of meteorological optics are compared with one other and with modern theories. Notable recorded instances of these and associated phenomena are cataloged. Aristotle's streak, Octavian's halo, Vitellius' antisun and Constantine's and Cyril's crosses are identified.